Control Flow Statements:

Control flow statements are fundamental in programming as they allow you to change the execution order of your code based on certain conditions. In Python, control flow includes:

1.Conditional Statements (if, elif, else)

2.Loops (while, for)

3.jumping Statements (break, continue, pass)

1. Conditional Statements:

Conditional statements in Python allow you to execute certain blocks of code based on whether specific conditions are met. They are fundamental for decision-making in programming.

The primary conditional statements in Python are if, elif, and else. Here’s the basic syntax:

# if condition1:
#     # Code to execute if condition1 is true
# elif condition2:
#     # Code to execute if condition2 is true
# else:
#     # Code to execute if none of the conditions are true

# Example: Check if a number is positive, negative, or zero.
number = 5
if number > 0:
     print("Positive number")   #output:positive number
elif number < 0:
     print("Negative number")
else:
     print("Zero")

Python supports a shorthand for simple conditions, often referred to as the ternary operator:

age = 17
status = "Adult" if age >= 18 else "Minor"
print(status)  # Output: Minor

2.Loops:

Loops allow you to repeatedly execute a block of code. Python provides two types of loops:

• while loop

• for loop

while loop:

A while loop repeatedly executes as long as the condition is True. It checks the condition before executing the block of code.

Syntax:

while condition:
    # block of code

examples:

# a. Simple while loop example
i = 1
while i <= 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1  # Increment to avoid infinite loop
# This loop runs as long as i is less than or equal to 5.

#Example of an infinite loop (be careful!):
while True:
    print("This will run forever unless broken.")

for loop:

A for loop is used to iterate over sequences (such as lists, tuples, strings, or ranges).

Syntax:

for item in sequence:
    # block of code

examples:

#Iterating over a list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
for num in my_list:
    print(num)
#output:
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

jumping statements:

modify the normal flow of loops.

break:

Exits the loop entirely when encountered, even if the condition hasn’t been met yet.

for i in range(10):
    if i == 5:
        break  # Exit the loop when i is 5
    print(i)

#output 
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4
# 5

continue:

Skips the rest of the loop's body for the current iteration and proceeds with the next iteration.

for i in range(10):
    if i % 2 == 0:
        continue  # Skip the rest of the loop for even numbers
    print(i)  
# Output: 
# 1
# 3
# 5
# 7
# 9

pass:

Does nothing and can be used as a placeholder in situations where a statement is syntactically required but you don't want to write any code.

for i in range(5):
    if i == 3:
        pass  # Placeholder, does nothing
    print(i)